Abstract

This paper presents the design, implementation, and experimental validation of a laboratory-scale bidirectional charging system integrating Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) operations using photovoltaic energy sources. Overall, the proposed system provides for managing and controlling two-way flow of energy between an electric vehicle's (EV) battery and the grid via a microcontroller-based monitoring and control system. An Incremental Conductance MPPT system extracts all available renewable energy from a 50 W solar PV array, regulates it with DC-DC converters, and stores it in a 12 V battery using a 48 V (DC) bus configuration. The prototype operates under multiple modes, including solar-assisted charging, grid-supported charging, and controlled battery discharging through an inverter supplying a local AC load. Experimental validation is carried out under laboratory conditions to evaluate voltage, current, power flow, and efficiency characteristics. The results demonstrate effective bidirectional operation at the prototype level. The system is implemented as a controlled laboratory-scale setup and does not include grid synchronization, anti-islanding protection, or interconnection compliance; therefore, V2G operation is demonstrated as AC load interaction rather than direct grid injection.

Keywords

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V), Electric Vehicle Charging Station, Solar PV Integration, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS),

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