Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a major class of advanced materials for energy storage and conversion technologies. Although graphene initiated this research field, its zero bandgap, limited chemical tunability, and restacking tendency restrict its performance in many practical energy systems. These limitations have driven the development of a broad range of 2D materials beyond graphene, including MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, metal oxides and hydroxides, layered double hydroxides, and other emerging atomically thin systems. These materials offer diverse crystal structures, tunable electronic properties, rich surface chemistry, and high surface-to-volume ratios, making them attractive for batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrochemical applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in 2D materials beyond graphene for energy storage and conversion. Key aspects discussed include synthesis strategies, defect and interface engineering, heterostructure design, and structure–property relationships. The performance of these materials in lithium-ion and beyond-lithium batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalytic reactions, and solar-driven energy systems is critically examined. Recent advances in characterization techniques, computational modelling, and machine learning-assisted discovery are also highlighted for their role in accelerating material development. Despite significant laboratory-level success, several challenges remain, particularly in scalable synthesis, long-term stability, standardised benchmarking, and system-level integration. Addressing these issues is essential for translating promising material properties into reliable and commercially viable energy technologies. Overall, this review outlines current achievements, identifies critical knowledge gaps, and presents future perspectives for advancing 2D materials beyond graphene toward sustainable and practical energy solution.

Keywords

2D Materials, Mxenes, Batteries, Energy Storage, Graphene Sustainability,

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References

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